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Oral Care (Toothpaste)
Introduction
The
major requirement of oral preparations, especially
toothpastes, is to clean the teeth and to remove
the adhering layers as much as possible, without
causing damage to the surface so as to improve or
maintain an indevidual`s oral health. When a
toothpaste is used with an efficient toothbrush, it
should clean the teeth adequately, that is, remove
food debris, plaque and stains . it should leave the
mouth with a fresh and clean sensation .
Structure and composition of the teeth
The tooth is composed essentially of the following parts:
1. Crown (corona dentis)
2. Neck (collum dentis)
3. Root (radix dentis)
4. Dental enamel (enamelum, substantia adamantina
dentis)
5. Dentin (dentinum, substantia eburnea dentis)
6. Dental pulp (pulpa dentis)
7. Cementum (substantia ossea dentis)
Inside the tooth is the pulp cavity, containing the
dental pulp (connective tissue rich in vessels and
nerves) . The continuation of the pulp cavity is the
root canal ( canalis radicis dentis) . The dentin, the
hard structure of the tooth, is a modified bone
tissue which surrounds the pulp cavity and the root
canal .
In the area of the crown the dentin is covered by dental
enamel, which is even harder than the dentin, while
in the area of the root the dentin is surrounded
by the cementum,
which is turn covered by the periodontal membrane (
periodontium )
Dental caries:
Dental caries can
be defined as “disease resulting in the breakdown and
destruction of the hard tissue of the tooth
structure via demineralization”. In order for caries
to occur, three parameters must be fulfilled
simultaneously :
1.
caries-producing bacteria must be present.
2. the host
teeth be susceptible to the development of decay.
3. Foods with
caries-producing potential (sugars, carbohydrates)
must be present.
Tooth decay or dental caries,
which is also known simply as caries, as the more
or less rapid destruction of the hard substance of
the teeth ( enamel, cementum, dentin ) by the chemical
action of acids formed as a result of the enzymatic
degradation, by oral bacteria, of food residue on the
teeth .A cavity forms when local demineralization
occurs in tooth enamel and possibly the underlying
dentine . Demineralization, or dissolving of the tooth –
mineral ( hydroxyapatite), results when organic acids
penetrate the surface of the enamel . Under acidic
conditions, hydroxyapatite dissolves and calcium and
phosphate ions diffuse out of the tooth and are
washed away by saliva. Even though the demineralizing
acids are found in plaque coating the tooth surface,
there is evidence that tooth decay beings below the
surface of the enamel .
Dental calculus (tartar):
Calculus is the result of the
thickening and hardening of dental plaque which is
not removed daily . It accumulates on the tooth
surface mainly at the gingival margin opposite the
salivary ducts. It is a hard mineral deposit,
containing predominantly calcium and phosphate, very
tightly bound to the tooth surface . Once it has
formed, it is virtually impossible to remove it
except by a dental hygienist . Calculus can become
unsightly if growth is left unimpeded and
elimination is desirable for various reasons . One of
these is that the porous surface of the calculus
will also be covered by a thin layer of
unmineralized plaque which can cause constant
irritation of the gums and could trigger off other
problems, especially once calculus is formed below
the gumline .
Toothpaste Ingredients
1. Cleaning
and polishing agents (abrasives):
Clearly the main purpose of the
cleaning and polishing agents is to remove any
adherent layer on the teeth . the most commonly used
abrasives are calcium carbonate, dicalcium phosphate
dihydrate, aluminium hydroxide and dental grade silicas.
2. Gelling
and thickening agents:
Gelling or binding agents are
hydrophilic ( water – loving ) colloids which disperse
and swell in the water phase of the toothpaste and
are necessary to maintain the integral stability of
the paste and prevent separation into component
phases . Commonly used binding agents include sodium
carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, silica
and xanthan gum .
3.
Anticavity agents:
Fluoride–containing compounds
such as sodium fluoride and sodium
monofluorophosphate have been demonstrated in
clinical trials to effectively reduce tooth decay .
Fluoride from sources such as drinking water, food,
and toothpaste reacts with hydroxyapatite to form
fluorapatite, which is most cocentrated at the
surface of the enamel . Solubility studies show that
fluorapatite is more resistant to acid attack than
hydroxyapatite.
4.
Antitartar agents:
The addition of pyrophosphate
and zinc ions to toothpaste is the most common
method for inhibiting mineralization processes.
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate, which
contains p-o-p bonds is an effective inhibitor of
calcium phosphate crystal growth . Saliva, which is
continuously secreted in the mouth, is a source of
calcium and phosphate. When the ions reach the
plaque or tooth surface, a small seed of tartar
forms. When pyrophosphate is added, it attacks the
tartar seed, which dissolves and the calcium
phosphate is recycled . In addition zinc salts have
also been introduced to control tartar, they replace
calcium in the hydroxyapatite matrix and also act
as a crystal growth inhibitor.
5.
Detergents:
Detergents are used in the
toothpaste to aid in the penetration of the surface
film on the tooth by lowering the surface tension.
They also provide the secondary
benefits of providing foam to suspend and remove
the debris and the subjective perception of
toothpaste performance. Sodium lauryl sulphate, sodium
lauryl sarcosinate and sodium methyl cocoyl taurate
are the most commonly used detergents in toothpaste.
6.
Antibacterial agents:
The other major oral health
problem, apart from caries, is periodontal or gum
disease which is caused by plaque. It is obvious
that plaque control beyond normal brushing is a
desirable objective for a toothpaste. Thus, compounds
with antibacterial properties have been tested in
toothpastes in order to develop products which can
retard plaque formation and perhabs prevent gingivitis
. An effective antibacterial agent is triclosan which
it`s properties are a broad spectrum activity and
retention on the surface of teeth and oral surfaces
. Triclosan is effective against both Gram – positive
and Gram – negative microorganisms .The toothpaste
containing triclosan is caused fresh breath.
7.
Humectants:
Humectants such as glycerin,
sorbitol and propylene glycol, are used to prevent
the paste from drying out and hardening to an
unacceptable level . At the same time they give shine
and some plasticity to the paste.
8.
Sweeteners:
Sodium saccharin is the
sweetening agent in widest commercial use, and is
generally used at levels between 0.05 and 0.5% by
weight .This salt is 300 times sweeter than sucrose.
9.
Preservatives:
It used to be common practice
to add preservatives to the formulation of
toothpaste to protect it from the effect of
micro-organisms . Esters of p- hydroxy benzoic acid and
sodium benzoate are commonly used for this purpose .
p- hydroxy benzoates are effective
at neutral pH values, thus, they are most suitable
preservative used in the toothpaste.
10.
Flavours:
Flavours are probably the most
crucial part of toothpaste because of consumer
performance . They are also the most proprietary part
of the formulation and leaves a fresh sensation in
the mouth and a lasting awareness that the mouth
has been cleansed .
Oral
Care (Mouth Wash)
Introduction
The primary function of a
mouthwash, like that of a dentifrice, is to freshen
the mouth and breath by swilling the product around
the mouth, followed by expectoration . It achieves
this by a combination of three factors:
1. The mechanical effect of rinsing debris from the
mouth.
2. The effect of the flavour.
3.
The effect of any agent specifically added to deliver the
required end benefit (anti-bacterial).
Mouthwash Ingredients:
1. Humectants:
The presence of a humectant
prevents drying out of mouthwash preparations since
they are moisture binding materials. Glycerin,
sorbitol and propylene glycol are most commonly used.
2.
Sweeteners:
Sodium saccharin is commonly
used as sweetener and this salt is 300 times
sweeter than sucrose.
3. Flavours:
Flavours is an important feature
in a mouthwash to impart a clean fresh sensation
after use. Mint oils are popular as they freshen
breath and leave a cooling sensation in the mouth.
4.
Solubilizers:
Ethoxylated sorbitan esters and
ethoxylated triglycerides, such as PEG-40 hydrogenated
castor oil, can be used to aid solubilization of
the flavour oils at 0.5 – 3.0%.
5.
Preservatives:
The addition of preservatives to
the formulation of mouthwash is for protecting it
from the effect of micro-organisms. Esters of
p- hydroxy benzoic acid, and
sodium benzoate are commonly used for this purpose.
p-hydroxy benzoates are effective at neutral pH
values, thus, they are most suitable preservative
used in the mouthwash.
6.
Anticavity agents:
Sodium fluoride, a source of
fluoride ions, is often incorporated because it has
been shown to significantly reduce tooth decay.
7.
Antibacterial agents:
An effective antibacterial agent
is triclosan which it`s properties are a broad
spectrum activity and retention on the surface of
teeth and oral surfaces. The mouthwash containing
triclosan is caused fresh breath.
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